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what is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? Give 3 examples of processes this controls
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of Peripheral Nervous System that acts as a 
control system
controlling
heart rate
respiration (lungs)
digestion
perspiration/sweating
saluration (heart)
urination
swallowing
metabolism 

2 List 3 functions of muscular tissue

Moving or Motion
Produce Heat
Regeneration
Muscle Contraction helps with digestion
Lifting heavy weights
Giving birth

3 List 4 functions of the integunentary system
Skin
 Protection the body from damage to deeper tissues
Dehydration
UV Rays (from the sun)
Regulate body temperature
Detects pain
Excretes waste/toxins

Hair
Nails
Glands
Membranes

4 What is an Afferent Neuron? What is an Efferent Neuron?
An Afferent Neuron is a sensory neuron receives sensory input and then transmit the information to the Central Nervous system to process
An Efferent Neuron (opposite) transmit the information away for central nervous system to the muscles or glands

5 List 4 vessels that arise from the Aorta
Aorta (part of the Heart)
Arch of the Aorta
Ascending Aorta
Left Subclavian Artery
Celiac Trunk
Descending Aorta

6 List 4 functions of hormones in the body
Hormones helps body balance 
Regulate Metabolism
Balance the body and maintains Homeotasis 
Helps with growth and develop
Assist with Reproduction eg Pregnancy

7 List 3 organs found in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen
Liver
Gallblader
Head of panscreas
Part of colon (large)
Duodeum (small)

8 List 5 requirements to maintaining a healthy body
Exercise
Healthy Diet
Regular Sleep
Water
Fresh Air
Sun Light (Vitamin E)
Meditation (Relaxation)
Sufficient Vitamin and Minerals
Don't smoke

9 List 3 ethical responsibilities in the practice of massage
Sexual Harrasment
Confidentiality
No racist

10 List 4 examples of indications of massage
Indications is reason for massage
Neck pain
Headaches
Stress
Tight Muscles
General well-being (relaxation)
Frozen shoulder
Post surgery - reduce scar tissue
Muscle spasms
Pregnancy (specific)

Contraindication: need aware and take care
Cancer/Tumors (send to specialist)
Vomitting
High Blood Pressure
Varicose Vains
Cuts/Open wounds
Bleeding
Bruising
Drugs/Alcohol Affected
Fever High Temperature
Hearat
Period Pain
Bloating - Aids Digestion
Relaxation
Constipation
Post Pregnancy

11 List 4 situations/examples where massage would be contra-indicated

12 List 2 indications for abdominal massage

13 What is an endangerment site?
Endangerment site is an area of the body where we need to take care when massaging

14 List 6 examples of endangerment sites
Ex: 
Anterior Triangle
Posterior Triangle
Throat
Popliteal Fossa
Cubital Fossa
Temporal Mandibular joint (TMJ)
Groin
Umbiblical
Bone Struction

15 Why would it be contraindicated to perform a massage on someone with nausea, fever and lethargy?
They all infection spread
could indicate the presence of infection
avoid massage and refer client to doctor from diagnosis

16 What surface anatomy would you use to locate the ulnar nerve in the wrist and elbow?

The Ulnar Nerve in the elbow runs between the head of the humerous and the ulnar groove
The Ulnar Nerve in the wrist (bone in the hand: carpals and meta-carpals) runs between Ulna and radius palpated between the Ulna and Carpal bones

17 What 4 muscles make up the Quadriceps?
Rectus Femoms
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus-Intemedius
Vastus Medialis

18 Define the following muscle movements
Adduction: Move a limb away of the body
Abduction: Take a limb away 
Flexion: 
Extension: Extend a limb

19 List the functions of the following muscles:
Rectus Femoris: Hips Flexion/Knee Extensions
Adductor Magnus and Adductior Brevis and Longus: Internal rotation/External Rotation/Flexion&Adduction
Gastrocnemius (Achilles Tendon) Plantar Flexion/Ankle

20 List the functions of the following muscles:
*Rectus Abdominus: 
Forward Flexion of spine
Stablises the abdominal area or torso
*Deltoid action:
Abduction
Internal
External
Extension
*Biceps Brachii:
Elbow flexion and activate muscles

21 Discuss the structure (p.54) of skeletal muscle tissue, and state how it differs (p.57) from other types of muscle tissue (p.53) 
Skeletal muscle forms the body flesh. The function of the skeletal muscle is to produce movement, maintain posture and produce body heat. Skeletal muscle tissue is totally under control of the nervous system: impulses are transmitted from the brain via motor nerves initiate contraction of the muscle fibers. This muscle contraction pulls on bones and movement occurs at joints (p.53)
Skeletal muscle structure: appears striated, cells are large, long, and cylindrical with several peripheral located nuclei each cell.

Skeletal muscle is composed of muscle fibers arranged in bundles called fasciculi. Many bundles of fibers make up the complete muscle. The fibers, bundles and muscles are surrounded and protected by connective tissue sheaths.
Skeletal muscle fibers are long, thin multi-nucleated cells. These fibers are made up of even smaller protein threads called myofibrils. These run the whole length of the fibre and are the elements that contract and relax. Each myofibril is composed of actin and myosin protein threads that slide into each other so that the myofibril shortens. When these myofibrils shorten, the whole muscle contracts.
Endomysium - The connective around each fibre
Perimysium - The connective around each bundle
Epimsyim - The connective around the muscle


22 What are the 2 main categories of skeletal muscles? Discuss.
Two main types of Skeletal Muscles
Type 1
Appears Red in colour due to oxygen binding the fibres. These muscles as best for endurance (long distance) because they are slower to fatigue
Type 2
Appears in White colour due to the absence of myohlobin They are good for short bursts of power (fatigue) as the tired quickly

23 Define the following functional joint classifications and how much mobility each is capable of 
*Amphiarthorosis: Allows slight (little) mobility i.e most of joint contain cartlidge  e.g vertebrae (spine)
*Diarthrosis: Allow various movements eg knee, elbow, hips, shoulder etc..

24 What is a Hinge Joint? What range of movement does this type of joint have? Give 2 example of Hinge joints in your answer.
Hinge: permits motion is on plane usually forward and backward They are connected by strong alighments 
Ex: Knee and Elbow

25 LIst and briefly describe the 4 main types of tissue types in humans
Epithelial Tissue form linings and covering and glands
Connective Tissue support and transport
Muscle Tissue Movement
Nervous Tissue Send messages to the brain

26 List 6 different bony landmarks that can be palpated in the abdomen
Illiac crest
Pubic crest
Pubic symphsis
ASIS (Pubic Arch)
Costal cartlidges

27 What effects do drugs like Warfarin, Aspirin and Heparin have on the body? Why is it important to know if a client is taking these prior to undertaking massage therapy?
Disease
Bleeding underneath skin
Light massage
Blood Thinners
Clients using these medications can easily bruise bleed therefore Deep Tissue Massage would be a Contraindication and you would require Referral from a Medical Practitioner prior to performing this type of treatment

28 State 6 questions you should ask to determine the nature of a client's symptoms
Why
How 
When

29 List 5 questions you should ask to determine the client's general health and well-being?
How is your general help?
Are you under any stress i.e divorce...
Any medications?
Sleep enough?
Have you had any previous treatment before?
Eat properly?
Do you smoke?

30 Besides verbal questioning, list 4 other examinations that can be performed to assist in diagnosing a client's problem
Palpation
Check range of motion assessment
Look for signs of injury or illness
Check client alignment
Gait Assessment (posture...)
Breathing Assessment

31 Consider a client taking cholinergic drugs. How would you adapt your techniques? What massage techniques should be avoided? Discuss.

32 Briefly explain what effects Beta-adrenergic blockers have on the body. List 3 conditions that they may be prescribed for

33 What is pathology? List 6 different classifications of diseases

34 List 3 applications of massage during pregnancy

35 List 3 specific contraindications associated with massage during pregnancy

36 What is difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system?

37 Massage may  pose an inherent risk to clients who do not disclose important medical information. What strategies should you follow to ensure disclosure?

38 Under what conditions would you pass on a client's personal/ health details to a third party? Give 4 examples of professions that you might need to pass information to.

39 Is it unethical to refer a client to another health professional such as a specific chiropractor who you know will pay you a referral fee? Discuss. Consider the following situation

40 A chiropractor refers you a client who has been in a car accident. The client is receiving treatments from both yourself and the chiropractor which are being paid for by their insurance company. After several sessions, the client states that they are experiencing additional pain not previously documented in a different area that currently being treated and as you to work on that area as well. What should you do?









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